There’s a lot of baffling among Python programmers on what exactly “keyword arguments” are. Let’s go through some of them. If you somehow are writing for a Python 3 only codebase, I highly recommend making all your keyword arguments keyword only, especially keyword arguments that represent “options”. There are many problems with this sentence. The first is that this is mixing up “arguments” (i.e. things at the call site) and “parameters” (i....
Python has multiple techniques for looping over data structures. Dictionary looping with both key and value can be done using the items() method: my_dict = {'first': 'a', 'second': 'b'} for k, v in my_dict.items(): print(k, v) # first a # second b The enumerate() function allows looping with both index and value through any sequence: my_list = ['a', 'b'] for i, v in enumerate(my_list): print(i, v) # 0 a # 1 b zip() function can be used to pair two or more sequences in order to loop over both of them in parallel:...
Standard Python tuples are lightweight sequences of immutable objects, yet their implementation may prove inconvenient in some scenarios. Instead, the collections module provides an enhanced version of a tuple, namedtuple, that makes member access more natural (rather than using integer indexes). Import namedtuple: from collections import namedtuple Create a namedtuple object: point = namedtuple('3DPoint', 'x y z') A = point(x=3, y=5, z=6) print(A) # 3DPoint(x=3, y=5, z=6) Access a specific member:...
In addition to Python’s built-in data structures (such as tuples, dicts, and lists), a library module called collections provides data structures with additional features, some of which are specializations of the built-in ones. Import the module: import collections Specialized container datatypes are usually dict subclasses or wrappers around other classes like lists, tuples, etc. Notable implementations are : the Counter class used for counting hashable objects. defaultdict class used as a faster implementation of a specialised dictionary....
An assignment only creates a “binding” (an association) between a name and a “target” (object of some type). A copy is sometimes necessary so you can change the value of one object without changing the other (when two names are pointing to the same object). # Assignment: bind the name y to # the list [1, 2]. y = [1, 2 ] # Create another binding - # bind the name x to the same # object that y is currently bound to....